Transmitter beamforming steering matrix processing and storage

ABSTRACT

A mechanism for processing beamforming steering matrices in a transceiver system. A plurality of beamforming steering matrices associated with a plurality of subcarriers of an RF signal received at the transceiver system are generated. The beamforming steering matrices are compressed and stored. The beamforming steering matrices may also be grouped or sub-sampled prior to being stored. The beamforming steering matrices are decompressed and ungrouped before being applied to data to be transmitted. Prior to ungrouping the beamforming steering matrices, a phase difference between corresponding beamforming steering vectors of consecutive beamforming steering matrices is determined. Phase rotation is performed on the corresponding beamforming steering vectors based on the determined phase difference associated with the corresponding beamforming steering vectors to improve phase continuity between consecutive beamforming steering matrices.

BACKGROUND

Embodiments of the inventive subject matter generally relate to thefield of wireless communication, and more particularly, to techniquesfor beamforming steering matrix processing and storage.

In a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system, a transmitter usesmultiple transmit antennas to transmit data to a receiver with multiplereceive antennas to improve communication performance and datathroughput. Communication performance of a MIMO system can be furtherimproved using beamforming techniques. Beamforming improves thedirectionality of the multiple transmit antennas. For beamforming, oneor more steering matrices are applied to data to be transmitted toensure that signals transmitted from the multiple transmit antennasarrive constructively at a specified receiver. Beamforming also reducesinterference to other receivers since the transmitted signals arrivedestructively at receivers other than the specified receiver.

SUMMARY

Embodiments include a method for performing beamforming steering matrixprocessing and storage. In one embodiment, the method comprisesdecompressing a plurality of stored beamforming steering matrices at atransceiver system. The beamforming steering matrices are associatedwith a plurality of subcarriers of an RF signal received at thetransceiver system. A phase difference between corresponding beamformingsteering vectors of each pair of consecutive beamforming steeringmatrices is determined at the transceiver system. Phase rotation isperformed, at the transceiver system, on the corresponding beamformingsteering vectors of each pair of consecutive beamforming steeringmatrices based on the determined phase difference associated with thecorresponding beamforming steering vectors of each pair of consecutivesteering matrices to improve phase continuity between consecutivebeamforming steering matrices. The beamforming steering matrices areinterpolated, at the transceiver system, to ungroup the beamformingsteering matrices and applied to data to be transmitted by thetransceiver system to generate beamformed data streams.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present embodiments may be better understood, and numerous objects,features, and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art byreferencing the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a transceiver configuredto determine and apply steering matrices for beamforming;

FIG. 2A is a block diagram of one embodiment of the steering matrixcomputation and storage unit;

FIG. 2B is a block diagram of one embodiment of the steering matrixretrieval unit;

FIG. 3A is a example block diagram illustrating an example mechanism forsteering matrix generation in implicit mode;

FIG. 3B is a example block diagram illustrating an example mechanism forsteering matrix generation in explicit mode;

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for generatingand storing steering matrices;

FIG. 5A is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for phaserotation by a fixed phase offset;

FIG. 5B is an example conceptual diagram illustrating the effects ofphase discontinuity on steering matrix interpolation;

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for phaserotation by a variable phase offset;

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for retrievingand applying steering matrices;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of another embodiment of a transceiverconfigured to control the transmit power of each of the transmit chainsof the transceiver;

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating one example of a method forcontrolling the transmit power of each of the transmit chains of atransceiver;

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating another example of a method forcontrolling the transmit power of each of the transmit chains of atransceiver;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a beamforming powercontrol unit of a transceiver; and

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a wireless device.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT(S)

The description that follows includes exemplary systems, methods,techniques, instruction sequences, and computer program products thatembody techniques of the present inventive subject matter. However, itis understood that the described embodiments may be practiced withoutthese specific details. For instance, although examples refer tomultiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (OFDM), other suitable modulation and coding scheme may beused. The described techniques may also be applied to systems with asingle transmit chain and/or a single receive chain. Also, althoughexamples refer to techniques for wireless communication, embodiments maybe used in a variety of communication systems. In other instances,well-known instruction instances, protocols, structures, and techniqueshave not been shown in detail in order not to obfuscate the description.

Beamforming is a spatial diversity technique typically used to improvedirectionality of a signal transmitted by a MIMO system. In a MIMO-OFDMsystem, OFDM signals transmitted by multiple antennas comprise aplurality of OFDM subcarriers. Each OFDM subcarrier is associated withone or more steering matrices. In some embodiments, the steeringmatrices associated with the subcarriers are compressed and grouped toallow for convenient storage and retrieval of the steering matrices.Determining and ensuring that corresponding steering vectors (i.e.,columns of a steering matrix) of consecutive steering matrices arephase-continuous in the frequency domain, e.g., before the steeringmatrices are applied to data to be transmitted, can lead to a reductionin steering matrix interpolation errors. The phases of the steeringvectors that exhibit phase discontinuity are corrected to help ensurethat the appropriate steering matrices are applied to the data to betransmitted. In ensuring phase continuity between the correspondingsteering vectors of consecutive steering matrices, directionality of thetransmitted signals can be preserved. This can improve the performanceof the communication system, improve data throughput, and reducedestructive interference at the receiver.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a transceiver 100configured to determine and apply steering matrices for beamforming. Thetransceiver 100 depicted in FIG. 1 comprises M_(RX) receive chains andM_(TX) transmit chains. Antennas 101A . . . 101 M_(RX) receive RFsignals. The antennas are coupled with an RF signal processing unit 102.The RF signal processing unit 102 coupled with a channel estimation unit104. The channel estimation unit 104 is coupled with a steering matrixcomputation and storage unit 106, which in turn is coupled with asteering matrix retrieval unit 108. A coding and modulation unit 110receives data to be transmitted and is coupled with N multipliers 112A .. . 112N. The steering matrix retrieval unit 108 is also coupled withthe N multipliers 112A . . . 112N. The outputs of the N multipliers 112A. . . 112N are provided to a baseband processing unit 114. M_(TX)transmit antennas 116A . . . 116M_(TX) transmit the M_(TX) outputs ofthe baseband processing unit 114.

The receive antennas 101A . . . 101M_(RX) receive the RF signals andprovide the received RF signals to the RF signal processing unit 102.The RF signal processing unit 102 can comprise functionality toimplement packet detection, signal amplification, filtering, analog todigital (A/D) conversion, conversion from time domain to frequencydomain, etc. Typically, each of the M_(RX) receive chains comprisedistinct amplifiers, mixers, Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT) units, A/Dconverters, etc. The RF signal processing unit 102 can also comprise ademultiplexing unit (not shown). In a MIMO-OFDM system, the data fromthe M_(RX) receive chains can be converted from time domain to frequencydomain (e.g., by the FFT units) and N independent data streamscorresponding to N independent OFDM sub-carriers can be generated. The Nindependent data streams are provided to a channel estimation unit 104.The channel estimation unit 104 uses training symbols in the receiveddata streams to determine a channel matrix (comprising channelestimates) corresponding to each OFDM sub-carrier. In someimplementations, a single channel matrix may be determined from thereceived data streams. The channel estimation unit may implementadditional functionality to decompose the single channel matrix intochannel matrices for each of the N OFDM sub carriers.

At stage A, the steering matrix computation and storage unit 106determines one or more steering matrices associated with the N OFDMsub-carriers by performing singular value decomposition (SVD) on theestimated channel matrices (determined by the channel estimation unit104). Thus, for the N OFDM sub-carriers there are at least N steeringmatrices. The number of rows and columns in each of the N steeringmatrices depends on the number of space-time streams. For N steeringmatrices, with an order of M_(TX)×M_(TX), the total number of elementsto be stored is M_(TX)×M_(TX)×N. At stage B, the steering matrixcomputation and storage unit 106 compresses, groups, and stores thedetermined steering matrices to minimize the amount of memory requiredto store the N steering matrices. Steering matrix compression takesadvantage of the fact that the columns of the steering matrices areinter-dependent and can be represented using fewer than M_(TX)×M_(TX)×Nindependent parameters. For example, as defined in the IEEE 802.11n,steering matrices can be compressed by representing a steering matrix bya pair of angles. To group the steering matrices, the steering matrixcomputation and storage unit 106 takes advantage of the interdependencybetween steering matrices of different subcarriers. The steering matrixcomputation and storage unit 106 sub-samples the OFDM subcarriers andretains compressed steering matrices associated with the sub-sampledsubcarriers. For example, a grouping factor of 2 implies that thecompressed steering matrix associated with every other sub-carrier isretained. The other steering matrices may be discarded. It is noted,however, that in other examples a different grouping factor may beutilized, e.g., a grouping factor of 4. Compressing and grouping thesteering matrices can reduce the amount of memory required to store thesteering matrices.

After the steering matrices are compressed, grouped, and stored, thetransceiver 100 may apply the steering matrices to signals to betransmitted. The coding and modulation unit 110 receives a stream ofdata (e.g., in the form of information bits) to be transmitted, splitsthe data stream into N independent data streams (corresponding to Nindependent sub-carriers), and encodes the data streams. At stage C, thesteering matrix retrieval unit 108 retrieves and decompresses the storedsteering matrices. The steering matrix retrieval unit 108 can alsoperform phase rotation to ensure that there is phase continuity acrossthe same column of steering matrices (i.e., steering vectors) associatedwith consecutive sub-carriers (“corresponding steering vectors of theconsecutive steering matrices”), and interpolation operations to ungroupthe decompressed steering matrices. Multipliers 112A . . . 112N applythe N retrieved steering matrices to the corresponding data streams togenerate M_(TX)×N beamformed data streams. A baseband processing unit114 receives the M_(TX)×N beamformed data streams. The basebandprocessing unit 114 can comprise inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)units 114 (which convert N subcarriers into time domain), modulators,amplifiers, etc. in each of the M_(TX) transmit chains. The basebandprocessing unit 114 processes the M_(TX) data streams to generate M_(TX)RF signals. Antennas 116A . . . 116M_(TX) transmit the M_(TX) RFsignals.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram of one embodiment of the steering matrixcomputation and storage unit 106 of FIG. 1. The steering matrixcomputation and storage unit 106 comprises a smoothing unit 202, asingular value decomposition (SVD) unit 204, a compression unit 206, agrouping unit 208, and a steering matrix storage unit 210.

The smoothing unit 202 receives channel estimates (H), e.g., from thechannel estimation unit 104 of FIG. 1. As described earlier, the channelestimation unit generates a different channel matrix for each OFDMsubcarrier. Also, each OFDM subcarrier is associated with a distinctsteering matrix. The smoothing unit 202 is a filter with a responsetailored to minimize the effects of noise on the channel estimates. Insome implementations, a moving average filter may be used as a smoothingfilter. In another implementation, the smoothing filter may be anysuitable low pass filter. The smoothed channel estimates are representedby H_(S). The singular value decomposition (SVD) unit 204 decomposes thesmoothed channel estimates (H_(S)) to generate one or more steeringmatrices (V) corresponding to each OFDM subcarrier.

The compression unit 206 receives the steering matrices associated witheach OFDM subcarrier and compresses the steering matrices (V). In someimplementation, the compression unit 206 may represent a steering matrixby a pair of Givens angles (described by the IEEE 802.11n). The groupingunit 208 receives the compressed steering matrices and retains apre-defined number of steering matrices. The number of retained steeringmatrices may be determined based on the compression factor, availablestorage, permissible overhead, subcarrier error rate, etc. The steeringmatrix storage unit 210 then stores the grouped and compressed steeringmatrices.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram of one embodiment of the steering matrixretrieval unit 108 of FIG. 1. FIG. 2B comprises a steering matrixdecompression unit 220, a phase difference estimation unit 222, a phaserotation unit 224, and a steering matrix interpolation unit 226.

The steering matrix decompression unit 220 receives the grouped andcompressed steering matrices, e.g., that were stored in the steeringmatrix storage unit 210, and decompresses the steering matrices. Forexample, the steering matrix decompression unit 220 may implementfunctionality to regenerate the steering matrices from the Givensangles.

Because the steering matrices generated by the SVD unit 204 are notunique (i.e., a channel matrix can have multiple SVD representations),the phase across the decompressed steering matrices may not becontinuous in the frequency domain. Phase continuity across thecorresponding steering vectors of consecutive steering matrices canensure better performance at a receiver. Phase continuity across thecorresponding steering vectors of consecutive steering matrices can alsolead to fewer errors during steering matrix interpolation. The phasedifference estimation unit 222 determines whether there is a phasemismatch between the corresponding steering vectors of consecutivesteering matrices. For example, a first sub-carrier may be associatedwith a first steering matrix and a second consecutive sub-carrier may beassociated with a second steering matrix. The phase differenceestimation unit 222 can determine whether there is a phase mismatchbetween a first steering vector of the first steering matrix and acorresponding first steering vector associated with the second steeringmatrix. If the phase difference is greater than

$\frac{\pi}{2},$the phase rotation unit 224 rotates one of the steering vectors by π(see FIG. 5A). In some implementations, the phase difference estimationunit 222 can cross correlate the corresponding steering vectors ofconsecutive steering matrices to determine a more precise phasedifference (see FIG. 6). The phase rotation unit 224 can shift one ofthe steering vectors by the determined phase difference. Operations forphase difference estimation and phase rotation are performed for eachset of consecutive steering matrices associated with all thesubcarriers. In one example, after the phase difference betweencorresponding steering vectors of a first and a second steering matricesis estimated and corrected, the phase difference between correspondingsteering vectors of the second and the third steering matrices isestimated and corrected, etc.

After the phase rotation unit 224 rotates one or more correspondingsteering vectors of consecutive steering matrices for phase continuity,the steering matrix interpolation unit 226 interpolates the decompressedsteering matrices to obtain steering matrices associated with allsub-carriers. As described earlier, grouping operations can dictate thatonly a subset of the steering matrices be stored. The steering matrixinterpolation unit 226 can use any suitable interpolation technique(e.g., linear interpolation, spline interpolation, etc.) to retrieve thesteering matrices that were discarded during the grouping process. Forexample, the steering matrix interpolation unit 226 may determine theGivens angles associated with the discarded steering matrices from theGivens angles associated with the stored steering matrices. The steeringmatrix interpolation unit 226 may also comprise a smoothing filter tominimize the effects of noise on the steering matrices.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram illustrating an example mechanism forsteering matrix generation in implicit mode. The implicit mode exploitsthe reciprocity of channel between a beamformer (e.g., transmitter A302) and a beamformee (e.g., receiver B 304). In other words, it isassumed that the channel between the transmitter 302 and the receiver304 (H_(AB)) is the same (e.g., has the same characteristics) as thechannel between the receiver 304 and the transmitter 302 (H_(BA)). Thetransmitter 302 and the receiver 304 depicted in FIG. 3A may be part ofdifferent distinct transceivers and may be at different physicallocations. The transmitter 302 and the receiver 304 communicate via acommunication channel using wireless communication techniques. Thetransmitter 302 comprises a steering matrix storage unit 308 coupledwith a compression/decompression unit 310 and a SVD unit 306.Additionally, the SVD unit 306 is also coupled with thecompression/decompression unit 310. The transmitter also comprises amultiplier 312, which applies the steering matrices to the data to betransmitted. The receiver 304 comprises a processing unit 316.

In the implicit mode, the transmitter 302 estimates channel informationfrom training symbols transmitted by the receiver 304 and computessteering matrices. The receiver 304 transmits training symbols 314 alonga communication channel H_(BA) to the transmitter 302. Although, in FIG.3A, the training symbols are depicted as high throughput long trainingfields (HT_LTF), the number, type, and size of training fieldstransmitted may vary depending on the communication standards employed.The transmitter 302 may include additional processing units (not shown)to detect the incoming packet, retrieve the training fields 314, andestimate a channel response. In the implicit mode, Eq. 1 represents thechannel estimated (H_(est)) at the transmitter 302. The SVD unit 306determines the steering matrices (V_(AB)), associated with the one ormore sub-carriers, from the estimated channel response (H_(est)). Thesteering matrices (V_(AB)) are determined in accordance with Eq. 2.H _(est)=(H _(BA))^(T) =H _(AB)  Eq. 1V _(AB)=SVD(H _(est))=SVD(H _(AB))  Eq. 2

The compression/decompression unit 310 receives the steering matricesfrom the SVD unit 306 and compresses the steering matrices (V_(AB)). Insome implementations, the transmitter 302 may also comprise a groupingunit (not shown) to group the compressed steering matrices by storing asubset of the determined steering matrices. The steering matrix storageunit 308 stores the steering matrices in any one or more of threeformats—an uncompressed, ungrouped format (V), compressed steeringmatrices (CV), and grouped compressed steering matrices.

Before the transmitter 302 transmits any data, the steering matrixstorage unit 308 retrieves the stored compressed steering matrices. Thecompression/decompression unit 310 decompresses the compressed steeringmatrices. In some implementations, if the matrices were grouped beforestorage, an interpolation unit may interpolate the decompressed matricesto retrieve the matrices discarded during the grouping process.Additionally, to ensure accurate ungrouping (i.e., interpolation) of thesteering matrices, phase continuity across corresponding steeringvectors of consecutive steering matrices associated with all thesubcarriers may be established.

The multiplier 312 applies the steering matrices (V) to the data to betransmitted. The resultant data is then provided to one or more antennasfor transmission over the communication channel (H_(AB)). Thecommunication channel (H_(AB)) and the applied steering matrix (V_(AB))influence the channel estimates determined at the receiver.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram illustrating an example mechanism forsteering matrix generation in explicit mode. In the explicit mode, abeamformer (e.g., transmitter 330) receives channel information orsteering matrices estimated by a beamformee (e.g., receiver 332). Thetransmitter 330 and the receiver 332 depicted in FIG. 3B may be part ofdifferent distinct transceivers and may be at different physicallocations. The transmitter 330 comprises a steering matrix storage unit338 coupled with a compression/decompression unit 340 and a SVD unit336. The transmitter 330 also comprises a multiplier 342, which appliesthe steering matrices to data to be transmitted. The receiver 332comprises a processing unit 350, which receives the transmitted data.The receiver 332 also comprises a channel estimation unit 344 coupledwith a channel state indicator (CSI) unit 346 and an SVD unit 348.

The transmitter 330 transmits training symbols 334 along a communicationchannel H_(AB) to the receiver 332. Although, in FIG. 3B, the trainingsymbols are depicted as high throughput long training fields (HT_LTF),the number, type, and size of training fields transmitted may varydepending on the communication standards employed. The receiver 332 (orthe processing unit 350) may implement functionality to detect theincoming packet, retrieve the training fields 334, and provide theretrieved training fields to the channel estimation unit 344. Thechannel estimation unit 344 estimates the channel response for one ormore of the subcarriers that comprise the received signal. In theexplicit mode, Eq. 3 represents the channel estimated at the receiver332.H _(est) =H _(AB)  Eq. 3

The SVD unit 348 determines the steering matrices, associated with theone or more sub-carriers, from the estimated channel response. Thesteering matrices (V) are determined as described by Eq. 2.

The receiver 332 may also comprise a compression unit to compress thedetermined steering matrices. Depending on the capabilities oftransmitter 330 and the receiver 332, the receiver 332 transmits any oneor more of the channel state information (CSI) (e.g., channel estimates,covariance of channel estimates, etc.), ungrouped and uncompressedsteering matrices (V), and the compressed steering matrices (CV), asshown by the dashed lines in FIG. 3B. It is noted that in someembodiments the receiver 332 may also transmit grouped steeringmatrices.

The compression/decompression unit 340, on the transmitter 330,compresses and stores the received the steering matrices (V). In someimplementations, the transmitter 330 may also comprise a grouping unit(not shown) to group the compressed steering matrices (CV). The steeringmatrix storage unit 338 stores the steering matrices in any one or moreof three formats—an uncompressed, ungrouped format (V), compressedsteering matrices (CV), and grouped compressed steering matrices.

As described earlier, the compression/decompression unit 340 retrievesthe steering matrices from the steering matrix storage unit 338,decompresses the compressed steering matrices, determines whether thereis a phase discontinuity between corresponding steering vectors ofconsecutive steering matrices, and accordingly rotates the phases of thesteering vectors to ensure continuity across steering matrices in thefrequency domain. The compression/decompression unit 340 alsointerpolates the decompressed steering matrices to retrieve the steeringmatrices discarded during the grouping process. The multiplier 342applies the steering matrices (V) to the data to be transmitted. Theresultant data is the provided to one or more antennas for transmissionover the communication channel (H_(AB)).

The depicted block diagrams (FIGS. 1-3B) are examples and should not beused to limit the scope of the embodiments. For example, although theFigures refer to an OFDM scenario with one steering matrix associatedwith each of the OFDM subcarriers, any suitable multiplexing andmodulation technique (e.g., frequency division multiplexing) may also beused. The transmitter and/or the receiver depicted in the Figures maycomprise one or more chains. The number of transmit chains may or maynot differ from the number of receive chains. Although FIG. 1 depictsseparate transmit and receive antennas, a single set of antennas may beused for both transmission and reception. Although FIGS. 3A and 3Bdepict a single multiplier, the number of multipliers may vary dependingon the number of steering matrices and data streams. In someimplementations, a single multiplier may successively operate on eachdata stream. Although FIGS. 3A and 3B depict the data being transmittedacross a channel immediately after the steering matrices are applied,the transmitter may implement additional functionality such as datamultiplexing, data modulation, signal amplification, etc.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for generatingand storing steering matrices. The flow 400 begins at block 402.

At block 402, channel estimates are received. For instance, the channelestimates may be received at the steering matrix computation and storageunit 106 of FIG. 1. In one example, the channel estimates may bedetermined by the channel estimation unit 104 of FIG. 1 and provided tothe steering matrix computation and storage unit 106. The number ofsub-carriers that comprise a received RF signal may influence the numberof channel estimates. The flow continues at block 404.

At block 404, singular value decomposition (SVD) is performed on thereceived channel estimates to generate steering matrices. For example,the SVD unit 204 of FIG. 2A may perform singular value decomposition onthe received channel estimates. The number of steering matrices dependson the number of subcarriers that comprise a signal. For example, asignal implementing IEEE 802.11n with OFDM comprises 56 subcarriers;therefore, a system that receives the signal may generate 56 steeringmatrices. The order of the steering matrices may depend on the number oftransmit chains and the number of space-time streams. The operations forperforming SVD on a channel matrix to generate a steering matrix aredescribed by Eq. 4 and Eq. 5.H _(i) =U _(i)Σ_(i) V _(i)*  Eq.4Steering matrix for i ^(th) subcarrier=V _(i)  Eq. 5In Eq. 4, H_(i) is a channel matrix with an order of M_(RX)×M_(TX),where M_(RX) is the number of receive chains and M_(TX) is the number oftransmit chains corresponding to the i^(th) OFDM subcarrier. U_(i) is anM_(RX)×M_(RX) unitary matrix corresponding to the i^(th) subcarrier,Σ_(i) is an M_(RX)×M_(TX) diagonal matrix comprising eigen values ofH_(i)*H_(i), and V_(i) is an M_(TX)×M_(TX) unitary matrix correspondingto the i^(th) subcarrier. V_(i)* denotes a conjugate transpose of V_(i).The columns of V_(i) are eigenvectors of H_(i)*H_(i). After the steeringmatrices are determined from the channel estimates, the flow continuesat block 406.

At block 406, the steering matrices are compressed, e.g., by thecompression unit 206 of FIG. 2A. Any suitable technique may be used tocompress the steering matrices. For example, the Givens rotationtechnique described by the IEEE 802.11n may be used to compress thesteering matrices. According to the Givens rotation technique, asteering matrix may be represented as a pair of angles. As anotherexample, matrix transformation operations (e.g., Choleskytransformation, LU decomposition, etc.) may be performed on the steeringmatrices to reduce the number of matrix elements to be stored. A fewernumber of bits may be required to store a triangular or a diagonalmatrix as compared to a matrix comprising only non-zero elements. Theflow continues at block 408.

At block 408, the compressed steering matrices (determined at block 410)are grouped, e.g., by the grouping unit 208 of FIG. 2A. Groupingsteering matrices can further reduce the number of bits required tostore the steering matrices. Typically, steering matrices associatedwith the one or more OFDM subcarriers are very similar. To group thesteering matrices, the subcarriers are sub-sampled and the compressedsteering matrices associated with the sub-sampled subcarriers arestored. For example, for a grouping factor of 4 (N_(g)=4), thecompressed steering matrices associated with every fourth subcarrier arestored. Thus, the number of bits required for steering matrix storage isreduced by a factor of 4. The grouping factor and the selection ofsubcarriers may be dependent, at least in part, on an error oftransmission associated with each subcarrier. The flow continues atblock 410.

At block 410, the grouped and compressed steering matrices are stored,e.g., by the steering matrix storage unit 210 of FIG. 2A. From block410, the flow ends.

FIG. 5A is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for phaserotation by a fixed phase offset. The flow 500 begins at block 502.

At block 502, corresponding steering vectors of consecutive steeringmatrices are received. In other words, the same columns of steeringmatrices (i.e., the steering vectors) associated with consecutivesub-carriers that comprise the received RF signal are received. Forexample, a first sub-carrier may be associated with a first steeringmatrix and a second consecutive sub-carrier may be associated with asecond steering matrix. The flow continues at block 504.

At block 504, it is determined (e.g., by the phase difference estimationunit 222 of FIG. 2B) whether the phase difference between thecorresponding steering vectors of the consecutive steering matrices isgreater than

$\frac{\pi}{2}.$Any suitable technique can be used to estimate the phase differencebetween the corresponding steering vectors of the consecutive steeringmatrices. With reference to the above example, where the firstsub-carrier is associated with the first steering matrix and the secondconsecutive sub-carrier may be associated with the second steeringmatrix, the phase of a first steering vector (e.g., column one) of thefirst steering matrix may be compared against the phase of acorresponding steering vector (e.g., column one) of the second steeringmatrix. If it is determined that the phase difference between thecorresponding steering vectors of the consecutive steering matrices isgreater than

$\frac{\pi}{2},$the flow continues at block 506. Otherwise, the flow ends.

At block 506, one of the steering vectors is rotated by π (e.g., by thephase rotation unit 224 of FIG. 2B). In Eq. 6, V_(i,k) represents thei^(th) steering vector of the k^(th) steering matrix and is associatedwith the k^(th) subcarrier. The columns of the steering matrices arerotated in accordance with Eq. 6.V _(i,k) =V _(i,k) ·e ^(−jπ)  Eq. 6Rotating one of the steering vectors for better phase continuity canmaximize the correlation between the steering matrices and minimizerandom variation of phase in the steering matrices. It should be notedthat operations for phase difference estimation and phase rotation aresuccessively performed on corresponding steering vectors of twoconsecutive steering matrices to establish phase continuity across thesteering matrices, or at least to significantly improve phase continuityacross the steering matrices. From block 506, the flow ends.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for phaserotation by a variable phase offset. The flow 600 begins at block 602.

At block 602, corresponding steering vectors of consecutive steeringmatrices are received. In other words, the same columns of steeringmatrices (i.e., the steering vectors) associated with consecutivesub-carriers that comprise the received RF signal are received. Forexample, a first sub-carrier may be associated with a first steeringmatrix and a second consecutive sub-carrier may be associated with asecond steering matrix. The flow continues at block 604.

At block 604, it is determined (e.g., by the phase difference estimationunit 222 of FIG. 2B) whether there is a phase difference between thecorresponding steering vectors of the consecutive steering matrices. Adifference between the corresponding steering vectors of the consecutivesteering matrices can be determined by comparing the phase of a firstrow in the two steering vectors. For example, if the phase of a firstelement in a first steering vector of a first steering matrix is equalto the phase of a first element in a corresponding first steering vectorof a consecutive second steering matrix, it may be determined that thereis no phase difference between the corresponding steering vectors of theconsecutive steering matrices. The phase difference may also bedetermined by cross correlating the corresponding steering vectors ofthe consecutive steering matrices. If it is determined that there is aphase difference between the corresponding steering vectors of theconsecutive steering matrices, the flow continues at block 606.Otherwise, the flow ends.

At block 606, the phase difference between the corresponding steeringvectors of the consecutive steering matrices is determined (e.g., by thephase difference estimation unit 222 of FIG. 2B). The phase differencebetween the corresponding steering vectors of the consecutive steeringmatrices is calculated using Eq. 7.φ_(i,k)=angle(V _(i,k-1) ^(H) V _(i,k))  Eq.7In Eq. 7, φ_(i,k) is the phase difference between the steering vectorsV_(i,k-1) and V_(i,k). The steering vector V_(i,k), is the i^(th)steering vector of the k^(th) steering matrix and is associated with thek^(th) subcarrier. The steering vector V_(i,k-1), is the i^(th) steeringvector of the k−1^(th) steering matrix and is associated with thek−1^(th) subcarrier. In alternate embodiments, other suitable techniquescan be used to determine the phase difference between the correspondingsteering vectors of the consecutive steering matrices. The flowcontinues at block 608.

At block 608, one of the steering vectors is rotated (e.g., by the phaserotation unit 224 of FIG. 2B) by the determined phase difference. In Eq.8, the phase of steering matrix V_(i,k) is rotated by φ_(i,k).V _(i,k) =V _(i,k) ·e ^(−jφ) ^(i,k)   Eq. 8In performing the operation described by Eq. 8, the phase of correlationbetween the corresponding steering vectors of the consecutive steeringmatrices (V_(i,k-1) and V_(i,k)) can be maximized. As described above,operations for phase difference estimation and phase rotation aresuccessively performed on the corresponding steering vectors of theconsecutive steering matrices to establish phase continuity across thesteering matrices, or at least to significantly improve phase continuityacross the steering matrices. From block 608, the flow ends.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for retrievingand applying steering matrices. The flow 700 begins at block 702.

At block 702, an input signal comprising one or more symbols to betransmitted is received. For example, the steering matrix retrieval unit108 and/or the multipliers 112 of FIG. 1 may receive the input signal.The input signal may comprise information modulated on to one or moresubcarriers depending on the modulation and coding scheme used. In otherimplementations, N independent unmodulated data streams may be received,where N is the number of subcarriers. The flow continues at block 704.

At block 704, grouped and compressed steering matrices are retrieved.The grouped and compressed steering matrices may be retrieved from astorage unit embodied as part of a transmitter. In one example, thesteering matrices may be retrieved from the steering matrix storage unit210 shown in FIG. 2A. Typically, the number of steering matrices isdependent on the number of sub-carriers that comprise the input signal.Also, the order of the steering matrices may be influenced by the numberof space-time streams, a number of transmit chains, and a number ofspatial streams that the destination device can receive. The flowcontinues at block 706.

At block 706, the retrieved steering matrices are decompressed (e.g., bythe steering matrix decompression unit 220 of FIG. 2B). Any suitabledecompression techniques corresponding to the compression techniques maybe used. For example, decompression techniques may be applied toretrieve matrix elements from the Givens angles associated with thesteering matrix. As another example, matrix transformation operationsmay be used to regenerate the steering matrices from a diagonal ortriangular matrix. The flow continues at block 708.

At block 708, it is determined (e.g., by the phase difference estimationunit 222 of FIG. 2B) whether there is a phase difference betweencorresponding steering vectors of consecutive steering matrices.Although channel matrices associated with the OFDM subcarriers arecontinuous in phase, an arbitrary phase resulting from the SVD processcan result in a phase difference between consecutive steering matrices.Because the SVD process does not produce unique results, it may bepossible to select steering vectors that are not phase continuous. Alack of phase continuity can result in incorrect interpolation whenregenerating the steering matrices from grouped and compressed steeringmatrices. Incorrect interpolation can further lead to incorrect steeringmatrices being applied to data to be transmitted. This can impairbeamforming performance. Phase discontinuity or phase difference betweencorresponding steering vectors of the consecutive steering matrices canbe determined by comparing the phase of a first row in a first steeringvector with the phase of a first row in a second steering vector. Thephase difference may also be determined by cross correlating thecorresponding steering vectors of the consecutive steering matrices.

FIG. 5B is an example conceptual diagram illustrating the effects ofphase discontinuity on steering matrix interpolation. Because singularvalue decomposition does not produce unique results, it may be possibleto select eigenvectors (and steering vectors) that are not continuous inphase. In FIG. 5B, vectors V1, V2, and V3 are three consecutive steeringvectors and comprise one result of performing SVD on the channel matrix(when π rotation is not performed). Vectors V1, V2′, and V3′ represent asecond result of performing SVD on the channel matrix (when π rotationis performed). V3′ is obtained by a π rotation of V3. In this example,we assume that after grouping and compression, vectors V1 and V3 arestored. Each steering vector may be associated with a random phasenoise. In compressing and grouping the steering vectors, phaseinformation associated with the steering vectors may be lost.

In FIG. 5B, vectors V1 and V3 are discontinuous in phase. Performinginterpolation using V1 and V3 produces an incorrect interpolation resultV2. As shown in FIG. 5B, steering vector V3 is almost 180 degree out ofphase with steering vector V1. Also, interpolated steering vector V2 isorthogonal to steering vectors V1 and V3. Using V1, V2, and V3 assteering vectors for beamforming can lead to loss of signaldirectionality and poor beamforming performance. However, rotating V3 byπ and interpolating using V1 and V3′, produces a more accurateinterpolation result V2′. V1, V2′, and V3′ are almost continuous inphase. Using steering vectors V1, V2′, and V3′ for beamforming canminimize the effects of random phase, enhance beamforming, and improveperformance. Referring back to FIG. 7, the flow continues at block 710.

At block 710, one of the steering vectors is phase rotated (e.g., by thephase rotation unit 224 of FIG. 2B) for phase continuity between thecorresponding steering vectors of the consecutive steering matrices. Insome implementations, if it is determined that the phase differencebetween the two corresponding steering vectors of the consecutivesteering matrices is greater than

$\frac{\pi}{2},$one of the steering vectors may be rotated by π. This technique can beused in implementations where coarse phase rotation and a slight phasedifference between the corresponding steering vectors of the consecutivesteering matrices are acceptable. For precise phase correction and forzero phase difference between the two corresponding steering vectors ofthe consecutive steering matrices, one of the steering vectors may berotated by the phase difference between the two steering vectors.Rotating the steering vectors does not affect the beamformingdirectionality, as a rotated eigenvector of (H_(i)*H_(i)) is also aneigenvector of (H_(i)*H_(i)). Techniques for phase rotation can arefurther described in FIGS. 5A and 6. It should be noted that operationsfor phase difference estimation and phase rotation are performed forcorresponding steering vectors for each set of consecutive steeringmatrices associated with the subcarriers. Phase difference estimationand phase rotation are successively performed on the correspondingsteering vectors associated with each set of the consecutive steeringmatrices to establish phase continuity across the steering matrices, orat least to significantly improve phase continuity across the steeringmatrices. The flow continues at block 712.

At block 712, interpolation is performed on the decompressed steeringmatrices to obtain steering matrices associated with all thesub-carriers. For example, the steering matrix interpolation unit 226 ofFIG. 2B may perform interpolation. During grouping operations, thesubcarriers are sub-sampled and only the compressed steering vectorsassociated with the sub-sampled subcarriers are stored. Interpolation isused to retrieve the steering matrices that were discarded during thegrouping process. In some implementations, other suitable interpolationtechniques (e.g., linear interpolation, spline interpolation, etc.) canbe used to determine Givens rotation angles associated with thediscarded steering matrices. To interpolate the decompressed steeringmatrices, one or more of Givens rotation angles associated with thedecompressed steering matrices, and a grouping factor may be known. Theflow continues at block 714.

At block 714, the steering matrices are applied to the input signals.After the input signals are beamformed, the beamformed signals may beconverted into analog signals (e.g., by an IFFT unit), further modulated(BPSK, MPSK, etc.) to generate RF signals, amplified, and transmitted.From block 714, the flow ends.

It should be understood that the depicted flow diagrams (FIGS. 4, 5A,6-7) are examples meant to aid in understanding embodiments and shouldnot be used to limit embodiments or limit scope of the claims.Embodiments may perform additional operations, fewer operations,operations in a different order, operations in parallel, and someoperations differently. For example, in some implementations, operationsto ensure phase continuity by phase rotation may be performed duringsteering matrix storage (FIG. 4) and also during steering matrixretrieval (FIG. 7).

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of another embodiment of the transceiver ofFIG. 1. As illustrated, similar to FIG. 1, the transceiver 800 comprisesreceive antennas 101A . . . 101M_(RX), RF signal processing unit 102,channel estimation unit 104, steering matrix computation and storageunit 106, steering matrix retrieval unit 108, coding and modulation unit110, multipliers 112A . . . 112N, baseband processing unit 114, andtransmit antennas 116A . . . 116M_(TX). Furthermore, in this embodiment,the transceiver 800 includes a beamforming power control unit 825operable to control the transmit power of the transceiver 800. Inbeamforming transceiver systems, even though the transmit power may benormalized prior to the beamforming operations, the transmit power maybe skewed after the beamforming steering matrices are applied to thedata to be transmitted by the transceiver 800. The beamforming powercontrol unit 825 can control the in-band power transmitted on eachantenna of each transmit chain to maximize the transmit power to improveperformance, and at the same time ensure that the transmit power iswithin the power limits of the power amplifier (PA) of each transmitchain. The beamforming power control unit 825 can also ensure that thetotal power transmitted by the transceiver 800 meets FFC criteria, e.g.,that the total power transmitted does not exceed a maximum total powerlimit specified by the FCC.

In various implementations, the transceiver 800 of FIG. 8 can computeand process the beamforming steering matrices by similar techniques asdescribed above with reference to the transceiver 100 and FIGS. 1-7. Forexample, at Stage A, the steering matrix computation and storage unit106 can determine the beamforming steering matrices for the subcarriersassociated with a received RF signal, e.g., by performing singular valuedecomposition (SVD) on the estimated channel matrices (determined by thechannel estimation unit 104). Also, in one implementation, the steeringmatrix computation and storage unit 106 can compress and/or group thebeamforming steering matrices prior to storage. At stage B, the steeringmatrix retrieval unit 108 can apply the beamforming steering matrices tothe data to be transmitted, e.g., via the multipliers 112. It is noted,however, that in other embodiments the transceiver 800 may process thebeamforming steering matrices by other techniques, e.g., withoutperforming compression and/or grouping operations before storage, inconjunction with the beamforming power control operations describedbelow.

At stage C, the beamforming power control unit 825 determines a powerscaling factor for each of the transmit chains of the transceiver 800,which will be used to control the transmit power of each transmit chain.In one embodiment, the beamforming power control unit 825 determines apower scaling factor for each of the transmit chains based, at least inpart, on the maximum transmit power associated with each transmit chain,as will be described further below with reference to FIGS. 9-11.

At stage D, the beamforming power control unit 825 applies the powerscaling factors to the transmit chains to control the transmit power ofeach transmit chain. In some implementations, the beamforming powercontrol unit 825 applies a different scaling factor to each of thetransmit chains to transmit the maximum power. In these implementation,the beamforming power control unit 825 applies each of the computedpower scaling factors to a corresponding transmit chain to set thetransmit power associated with each chain to approximately the maximumtransmit power. In some cases, applying a different scaling factor toeach transmit chain may distort the beamforming direction associatedwith the beamforming steering matrices of each transmit chain. However,in some implementations, transmitting at the maximum transmit power canresult in improved transceiver performance even though the beamformingdirection is changed.

In other implementation, the beamforming power control unit 825 appliesa common scaling factor to all the transmit chains to maintain thebeamforming direction. In one example, the beamforming power controlunit 825 applies the minimum power scaling factor from the plurality ofcomputed power scaling factors to all the transmit chains. In theseimplementations, some transmit chains of the transceiver 800 maytransmit at slightly less than the maximum transmit power and othertransmit chains may transmit at approximately the maximum transmitpower. In these cases, transceiver performance can still be improved bytransmitting at a level close to the maximum transmit power with most ofthe transmit chains, and also maintaining the beamforming direction.

It is noted that transmitting at approximately the maximum transmitpower may be defined to mean transmitting at the maximum transmit powerwith some potential variance due to error. In some implementations,transmitting at approximately the maximum transmit power may be definedto mean transmitting at the maximum transmit power±0.5%. In otherimplementations, transmitting at approximately the maximum transmitpower may be defined to mean transmitting at the maximum transmitpower±1.0%. It is noted, however, that in yet other implementationstransmitting at approximately the maximum transmit power may be definedto mean transmitting at the maximum transmit power±a differentpercentage variance due to error, e.g. ±2% or ±3%.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations for controllingthe transmit power associated with the plurality of transmit chains ofthe transceiver 800. The flow 900 begins at block 902.

At block 902, the beamforming steering matrices V are generated andprocessed for each of the plurality of transmit chains of thetransceiver 800. For example, the steering matrix computation andstorage unit 106 generates the beamforming steering matrices. Thesteering matrix computation and storage unit 106 may also compress,group, and store the beamforming steering matrices, as was previouslydescribed above.

At block 904, the maximum transmit power for each of the plurality oftransmit chains is calculated. In one implementation, the beamformingpower control unit 825 calculates the maximum transmit power (P_(max))for each transmit chain based on a maximum total power limit (P_(total))associated with the transceiver 800. In one example, the maximum totalpower limit (P_(total)) can be a power limit specified by the FCC fortransmitters operating in certain frequency bands. For example, as shownin Eq. 9, P_(max) can be calculated by dividing P_(total) by the numberof transmit chains (M_(TX)) (which is also the number of transmitantennas).

$\begin{matrix}{P_{\max\;} = \frac{P_{total}}{M_{TX}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 9}\end{matrix}$

In another example, assuming the power limits of the power amplifiers(PAs) in the transmit chains are the same, the maximum total power limit(P_(total)) can be the sum of the power limits of the PAs, as long asthe P_(total) calculated from the PAs is less than the FCC specifiedlimit. In other words, in this example, P_(max) is approximately equalto the PA power limit. It is noted that in some implementations thebeamforming power control unit 825 may perform both calculations andselect the highest P_(max) that is within both the PA and FCC limits.

At block 906, the average change in transmit power in each transmitchain, resulting from applying the beamforming steering matrices to thedata associated with the subcarriers of the received RF signal, isdetermined based on the beamforming steering matrices associated witheach transmit chain. For example, the beamforming power control unit 825determines the average change in transmit power in each transmit chain.In one implementation, the average change in transmit power (p_(i))associated with each transmit chain can be computed as shown in Eq. 10.In Eq. 10, v_(ij,k) are the (i, j)^(th) entries of each beamformingsteering matrix V_(k) corresponding to each of the k subcarriersassociated with each transmit chain. N is the number of spatial streamsbeing transmitted by the transceiver 800 (which also corresponds to thenumber of columns in the beamforming steering matrices).

$\begin{matrix}{p_{i} = {{mean}\;\lbrack {\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{N}\frac{{v_{i,j,k}}^{2}}{N}} \rbrack}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 10}\end{matrix}$

At block 908, the power scaling factors for each of the transmit chainsare determined. In one example, the beamforming power control unit 825calculates the power scaling factors for each transit chain based on thecomputed change in transmit power (p_(i)) and the maximum transmit power(P_(max)) for each transmit chain. As shown in Eq. 11, in oneimplementation, each power scaling factor (r_(i)) for each transmitchain is computed by taking the square root of P_(max) divided by p_(i).

$\begin{matrix}{r_{i} = \sqrt{\frac{P_{\max}}{p_{i}}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 11}\end{matrix}$

If the transceiver 800 includes M transmit chains, the beamforming powercontrol unit 825 computes M power scaling factors based on Eq. 11, i.e.,the beamforming power control unit 825 computes power scaling factorsr₁, r₂, . . . , r_(M). In one example, if transceiver 800 comprises 4transmit chains, the beamforming power control unit 825 computes powerscaling factor r₁ for a first transmit chain, power scaling factor r₂for a second transmit chain, power scaling factor r₃ for a thirdtransmit chain, and power scaling factor r₄ for a fourth transmit chainof transceiver 800.

At block 910, each of the computed power scaling factor is applied tothe corresponding transmit chain to set the transmit power of eachtransmit chain to approximately the maximum transmit power P_(max). Forexample, if the transceiver 800 has M transmit chains, the beamformingpower control unit 825 applies the power scaling factor r₁ to the firsttransmit chain, the power scaling factor r₂ to the second transmitchain, . . . , and the power scaling factor r_(M) to the M^(th) transmitchain. As described above, in some implementations, the beamformingpower control unit 825 is configured to apply a different scaling factorto each of the transmit chains. In these implementations, thebeamforming power control unit 825 applies each of the computed powerscaling factors to the corresponding transmit chain to set the transmitpower of each transmit chain to approximately the maximum transmit powerP_(max). It is noted, however, that in some implementations, thebeamforming power control unit 825 can be configured to apply a commonpower scaling factor to all the transmit chains, as will be furtherdescribed below with reference to FIG. 10.

In some embodiments, e.g., as shown in FIG. 8, the beamforming powercontrol unit 825 performs the power control operations described aboveafter the beamforming steering matrices are applied (e.g., via themultipliers 112) to the data to be transmitted by the transceiver 800,but prior the baseband processing unit 114. In other words, in theseembodiments, the beamforming power control unit 825 applies the computedpower scaling factors to the output data streams after the beamformingsteering matrices are applied to the data to be transmitted by thetransceiver 800. It is noted, however, that in other implementations thebeamforming power control unit 825 can perform the power controloperations prior to applying the beamforming steering matrices to thedata. For example, the beamforming power control unit 825 can apply thepower scaling factors to the beamforming steering matrices, e.g., afterthe beamforming steering matrices are retrieved by the steering matrixretrieval unit 108, and prior to the multipliers 112.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram illustrating example operations forcontrolling the transmit power associated with the plurality of transmitchains of the transceiver 800. The flow 1000 begins at block 1002.

Similar to the description of FIG. 9, at block 1002, the beamformingsteering matrices are generated and processed for each of the pluralityof transmit chains of the transceiver 800. At block 1004, the maximumtransmit power for each of the plurality of transmit chains iscalculated. At block 1006, the average change in transmit power in eachtransmit chain, resulting from applying the beamforming steeringmatrices to the data associated with the subcarriers of the received RFsignal, is determined based on the beamforming steering matricesassociated with each transmit chain. At block 1008, the power scalingfactors for each of the transmit chains are calculated.

At block 1010, when the transceiver 800 is configured to apply a commonpower scaling factor to all of the transmit chains, a minimum scalingfactor is selected from the power scaling factors calculated for theplurality of transmit chains. In other words, the beamforming powercontrol unit 825 first determines a minimum power scaling factor out ofthe plurality of power scaling factors that were computed for theplurality of transmit chains, and then selects the minimum power scalingfactor. For example, the beamforming power control unit 825 selects theminimum power scaling factor from the computed power scaling factors r₁,r₂ . . . r_(M).

At block 1012, the minimum power scaling factor is applied to each ofthe plurality of transmit chains of the transceiver 800 to control thetransmit power of each transmit chain and to maintain the beamformingdirection. For example, if the transceiver 800 has M transmit chains,the beamforming power control unit 825 applies the minimum power scalingfactor to all M transmit chains.

In some embodiments, e.g., as shown in FIG. 8, the beamforming powercontrol unit 825 applies the minimum power scaling factor to the outputdata streams associated with each transmit chain after the beamformingsteering matrices are applied (e.g., via the multipliers 112) to thedata to be transmitted by the transceiver 800, but prior to the basebandprocessing unit 114. It is noted, however, that in other implementationsthe beamforming power control unit 825 can apply the minimum powerscaling factor to the beamforming steering matrices of each transmitchain, e.g., after the beamforming steering matrices are retrieved bythe steering matrix retrieval unit 108, and prior to the multipliers112.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the beamforming powercontrol unit 825 of FIG. 8. Specifically, FIG. 11 illustrates oneexample technique for computing the power scaling factors for theplurality of transmit chains of the transceiver 800, which may beimplemented within the beamforming power control unit 825. Asillustrated, in one example, the beamforming power control unit 825includes a max power calculation unit 1102, a power change computationunit 1104, a scaling factor calculation unit 1106, and a scaling factorconfiguration unit 1108. In this example, the max power calculation unit1102 calculates the maximum transmit power P_(max) by dividing P_(total)by the number of transmit chains M_(TX), as described above withreference to FIG. 9 and Eq. 9. The max power calculation unit 1102 thenprovides P_(max) to the scaling factor calculation unit 1106. The powerchange computation unit 1104 receives the beamforming steering matricesV associated with the subcarriers of the received RF signal andcalculates the average change in transmit power (p_(i)) in each transmitchain, resulting from applying the beamforming steering matrices to thedata associated with the subcarriers of the received RF signal, asdescribed above with reference to FIG. 9 and Eq. 10. The scaling factorcalculation unit 1106 calculates the power scaling factors (r₁, r₂, . .. , r_(M)) for the plurality of transmit chains based on the computedchange in transmit power (p_(i)) and the maximum transmit power(P_(max)) for each transmit chain, as described above with reference toFIG. 9 and Eq. 11.

The scaling factor configuration unit 1108 selects either differentcomputed power scaling factors for the plurality of transmit chains or acommon power scaling factor for the plurality of transmit chainsdepending on the configuration of the scaling factor configuration unit1108. For example, a multiplexer or other selection mechanism of thescaling factor configuration unit 1108 can be configured (e.g., by aprocessor or other controlling entity of the system) via a configurationbit to select one of two paths. In the first path, the scaling factorconfiguration unit 1108 selects the plurality of computed power scalingfactors (r₁, r₂, . . . , r_(M)) for the plurality of transmit chains. Inthe second path, the scaling factor configuration unit 1108 selects aminimum power scaling factor (min(r₁, r₂, . . . , r_(M))) for all of thetransmit chains.

In one embodiment, the scaling factor configuration unit 1108 can bepreconfigured to implement one of the two power control options, e.g.,based on the specifications of the wireless communication system. Inanother embodiment, the scaling factor configuration unit 1108 can beconfigurable to switch between the two options for selecting powerscaling factors as the specifications of the wireless communicationsystem changes, e.g., the transceiver 800 may include a detectionmechanism to detect the system specifications. In one specific example,when the transceiver 800 has a relatively small number of transmitchains (and antennas), e.g., one or two transmit chains, the scalingfactor configuration unit 1108 can be configured to select the differentcomputed power scaling factors, in order to maximize the transmit power.Otherwise, the scaling factor configuration unit 1108 can be configuredto select a common power scaling factor to set the transmit power at alevel close to the maximum transmit power for most of the transmitchains and maintain the beamforming direction.

Embodiments may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, anentirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software,micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardwareaspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,”“module” or “system.” Furthermore, embodiments of the inventive subjectmatter may take the form of a computer program product embodied in anytangible medium of expression having computer usable program codeembodied in the medium. The described embodiments may be provided as acomputer program product, or software, that may include amachine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions, which may beused to program a computer system (or other electronic device(s)) toperform a process according to embodiments, whether presently describedor not, since every conceivable variation is not enumerated herein. Amachine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing ortransmitting information in a form (e.g., software, processingapplication) readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). Amachine-readable medium may be a non-transitory machine-readable storagemedium, or a transitory machine-readable signal medium. Amachine-readable storage medium may include, for example, but is notlimited to, magnetic storage medium (e.g., floppy diskette); opticalstorage medium (e.g., CD-ROM); magneto-optical storage medium; read onlymemory (ROM); random access memory (RAM); erasable programmable memory(e.g., EPROM and EEPROM); flash memory; or other types of tangiblemedium suitable for storing electronic instructions. A machine-readablesignal medium may include a propagated data signal with computerreadable program code embodied therein, for example, an electrical,optical, acoustical, or other form of propagated signal (e.g., carrierwaves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.). Program code embodiedon a machine-readable medium may be transmitted using any suitablemedium, including, but not limited to, wireline, wireless, optical fibercable, RF, or other communications medium.

Computer program code for carrying out operations of the embodiments maybe written in any combination of one or more programming languages,including an object oriented programming language such as Java,Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programminglanguages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programminglanguages. The program code may execute entirely on a user's computer,partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partlyon the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely onthe remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remotecomputer may be connected to the user's computer through any type ofnetwork, including a local area network (LAN), a personal area network(PAN), or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to anexternal computer (for example, through the Internet using an InternetService Provider).

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a wireless device of a wirelesscommunication system. In one implementation, the wireless device 1200may be a WLAN device. The WLAN device includes a processor unit 1202(possibly including multiple processors, multiple cores, multiple nodes,and/or implementing multi-threading, etc.). The WLAN device includes amemory unit 1206. The memory unit 1206 may be system memory (e.g., oneor more of cache, SRAM, DRAM, zero capacitor RAM, Twin Transistor RAM,eDRAM, EDO RAM, DDR RAM, EEPROM, NRAM, RRAM, SONOS, PRAM, etc.) or anyone or more of the above already described possible realizations ofmachine-readable media. The WLAN device also includes a bus 1210 (e.g.,PCI, ISA, PCI-Express, HyperTransport®, InfiniBand®, NuBus, etc.), andnetwork interfaces 1204 that include one or more of a wireless networkinterface (e.g., a WLAN interface, a Bluetooth® interface, a WiMAXinterface, a ZigBee® interface, a Wireless USB interface, etc.) and awired network interface (e.g., an Ethernet interface).

The WLAN device also includes a transceiver unit 1220. In oneimplementation, the transceiver unit 1220 comprises a steering matrixcomputation and storage unit 1222 coupled with a steering matrixretrieval unit 1224. The steering matrix computation and storage unit1222 and the steering matrix retrieval unit 1224 comprise functionalityto determine and apply steering matrices for beamforming in accordancewith FIGS. 1-7. The steering matrix computation and storage unit 1222determines steering matrices associated with the one or more subcarriersthat comprise a signal. Additionally, the steering matrix computationand storage unit 1222 also compresses, groups, and stores the steeringmatrices. The steering matrix retrieval unit 1224 retrieves the groupedand compressed steering matrices, decompresses, and interpolates theretrieved steering matrices to obtain the steering matrices associatedwith each of the subcarriers. The steering matrix retrieval unit 1224ensures and establishes phase continuity between corresponding steeringvectors of consecutive steering matrices before the steering matricesare applied to individual data streams. The steering matrices are thenapplied to the individual data streams, modulated, and transmitted. Inanother embodiment, the transceiver unit 1220 further includes abeamforming power control unit 1226 configured to control the transmitpower associated with a plurality of transmit chains of the transceiverunit 1220, as was described above with reference to FIGS. 8-11.

Any one of the above-described functionalities may be partially (orentirely) implemented in hardware and/or on the processing unit 1202.For example, the functionality may be implemented with an applicationspecific integrated circuit, in logic implemented in the processing unit1202, in a co-processor on a peripheral device or card, etc. Further,realizations may include fewer or additional components not illustratedin FIG. 12 (e.g., additional network interfaces, peripheral devices,etc.). The processor unit 1202 and the network interfaces 1204 arecoupled to the bus 1210. Although illustrated as being coupled to thebus 1210, the memory 1206 may be coupled to the processor unit 1202

While the embodiments are described with reference to variousimplementations and exploitations, it will be understood that theseembodiments are illustrative and that the scope of the inventive subjectmatter is not limited to them. In general, techniques for processing andstoring beamforming steering matrices, and techniques for controllingtransmit power in a beamforming transceiver as described herein may beimplemented with facilities consistent with any hardware system orhardware systems. Many variations, modifications, additions, andimprovements are possible.

Plural instances may be provided for components, operations, orstructures described herein as a single instance. Finally, boundariesbetween various components, operations, and data stores are somewhatarbitrary, and particular operations are illustrated in the context ofspecific illustrative configurations. Other allocations of functionalityare envisioned and may fall within the scope of the inventive subjectmatter. In general, structures and functionality presented as separatecomponents in the exemplary configurations may be implemented as acombined structure or component. Similarly, structures and functionalitypresented as a single component may be implemented as separatecomponents. These and other variations, modifications, additions, andimprovements may fall within the scope of the inventive subject matter.

1. A method comprising: decompressing, at a transceiver system, aplurality of stored beamforming steering matrices, wherein thebeamforming steering matrices are associated with a plurality ofsubcarriers of an RF signal received at the transceiver system;determining, at the transceiver system, a phase difference betweencorresponding beamforming steering vectors of each pair of consecutivebeamforming steering matrices of the plurality of beamforming steeringmatrices; performing, at the transceiver system, phase rotation on thecorresponding beamforming steering vectors of each pair of consecutivebeamforming steering matrices based on the determined phase differenceassociated with the corresponding beamforming steering vectors of eachpair of consecutive beamforming steering matrices to improve phasecontinuity between consecutive beamforming steering matrices;interpolating, at the transceiver system, the beamforming steeringmatrices to ungroup the beamforming steering matrices; and applying, atthe transceiver system, the beamforming steering matrices to data to betransmitted by the transceiver system to generate beamformed datastreams.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determiningwhether a phase difference between the corresponding beamformingsteering vectors of each pair of consecutive beamforming steeringmatrices is greater than $\frac{\pi}{2};$ and performing phase rotationon the corresponding beamforming steering vectors of each pair ofconsecutive beamforming steering matrices with a phase difference thatis greater than $\frac{\pi}{2}$ to improve phase continuity, whereinsaid performing phase rotation comprises rotating by π one steeringvector of the corresponding beamforming steering vectors of each pair ofconsecutive beamforming steering matrices with a phase difference thatis greater than $\frac{\pi}{2}.$
 3. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: determining that the corresponding beamforming steeringvectors of one or more pairs of consecutive beamforming steeringmatrices have a phase difference between the corresponding beamformingsteering vectors; and rotating, by the determined phase difference, oneof the corresponding beamforming steering vectors of each of the one ormore pairs of consecutive beamforming steering matrices.
 4. The methodof claim 1, further comprising: generating the plurality of beamformingsteering matrices associated with the plurality of subcarriers of the RFsignal received at the transceiver system; compressing the beamformingsteering matrices; and storing the beamforming steering matrices.
 5. Themethod of claim 4, further comprising grouping the beamforming steeringmatrices prior to storing the beamforming steering matrices.
 6. Themethod of claim 4, further comprising determining channel estimates forthe plurality of subcarriers of the received RF signal.
 7. The method ofclaim 6, further comprising performing singular value decomposition(SVD) on the channel estimates associated with the subcarriers of thereceived RF signal to generate the plurality of beamforming steeringmatrices.
 8. The method of claim 4, wherein said generating theplurality of beamforming steering matrices comprises generating abeamforming steering matrix for each of the plurality of subcarriersassociated with the received RF signal.
 9. A transceiver comprising: asteering matrix decompression unit operable to decompress a plurality ofstored beamforming steering matrices, wherein the beamforming steeringmatrices are associated with a plurality of subcarriers of an RF signalreceived at the transceiver; a phase estimation unit operable todetermine a phase difference between corresponding beamforming steeringvectors of each pair of consecutive beamforming steering matrices of theplurality of beamforming steering matrices; a phase rotation unitoperable to perform phase rotation on the corresponding beamformingsteering vectors of each pair of consecutive beamforming steeringmatrices based on the determined phase difference associated with thecorresponding beamforming steering vectors of each pair of consecutivebeamforming steering matrices to improve phase continuity betweenconsecutive beamforming steering matrices; an interpolation unitoperable to interpolate the beamforming steering matrices to ungroup thebeamforming steering matrices; and a beamforming processing unitoperable to apply the beamforming steering matrices to data to betransmitted by the transceiver to generate beamformed data streams. 10.The transceiver of claim 9, wherein: the phase estimation unit isoperable to determine whether a phase difference between thecorresponding beamforming steering vectors of each pair of consecutivebeamforming steering matrices is greater than $\frac{\pi}{2};$ and thephase rotation unit is operable to rotate by π one steering vector ofthe corresponding beamforming steering vectors of each pair ofconsecutive beamforming steering matrices with a phase difference thatis greater than $\frac{\pi}{2}$ to improve phase continuity.
 11. Thetransceiver of claim 9, wherein: the phase estimation unit is operableto determine that the corresponding beamforming steering vectors of oneor more pairs of consecutive beamforming steering matrices have a phasedifference between the corresponding beamforming steering vectors; andthe phase rotation unit is operable to rotate, by the determined phasedifference, one of the corresponding steering vectors of each of the oneor more pairs of consecutive beamforming steering matrices.
 12. Thetransceiver of claim 9, further comprising: a steering matrixcomputation unit operable to generate the plurality of beamformingsteering matrices associated with the plurality of subcarriers of the RFsignal received at the transceiver; a compression unit operable tocompress the beamforming steering matrices; and a storage unit operableto store the beamforming steering matrices.
 13. The transceiver of claim12, further comprising a grouping unit operable to group the beamformingsteering matrices prior to the storage unit storing the beamformingsteering matrices.
 14. The transceiver of claim 12, further comprising achannel estimation unit operable to determine channel estimates for theplurality of subcarriers of the received RF signal.
 15. The transceiverof claim 14, further comprising a singular value decomposition (SVD)unit operable to perform SVD on the channel estimates associated withthe subcarriers of the received RF signal to generate the plurality ofbeamforming steering matrices.
 16. One or more machine-readable storagemedia having stored therein a program product, which when executed byone or more processor units causes the one or more processor units toperform operations that comprise: decompressing, at a transceiversystem, a plurality of stored beamforming steering matrices, wherein thebeamforming steering matrices are associated with a plurality ofsubcarriers of an RF signal received at the transceiver system;determining, at the transceiver system, a phase difference betweencorresponding beamforming steering vectors of each pair of consecutivebeamforming steering matrices of the plurality of beamforming steeringmatrices; performing, at the transceiver system, phase rotation on thecorresponding beamforming steering vectors of each pair of consecutivebeamforming steering matrices based on the determined phase differenceassociated with the corresponding beamforming steering vectors of eachpair of consecutive beamforming steering matrices to improve phasecontinuity between consecutive beamforming steering matrices;interpolating, at the transceiver system, the beamforming steeringmatrices to ungroup the beamforming steering matrices; and applying, atthe transceiver system, the beamforming steering matrices to data to betransmitted by the transceiver system to generate beamformed datastreams.
 17. The machine-readable storage media of claim 16, wherein theoperations further comprise: determining whether a phase differencebetween the corresponding beamforming steering vectors of each pair ofconsecutive beamforming steering matrices is greater than$\frac{\pi}{2};$ and performing phase rotation on the correspondingbeamforming steering vectors of each pair of consecutive beamformingsteering matrices with a phase difference that is greater than$\frac{\pi}{2}$ to improve phase continuity, wherein said performingphase rotation comprises rotating by π one steering vector of thecorresponding beamforming steering vectors of each pair of consecutivebeamforming steering matrices with a phase difference that is greaterthan $\frac{\pi}{2}.$
 18. The machine-readable storage media of claim16, wherein the operations further comprise: determining that thecorresponding beamforming steering vectors of one or more pairs ofconsecutive beamforming steering matrices have a phase differencebetween the corresponding beamforming steering vectors; and rotating, bythe determined phase difference, one of the corresponding beamformingsteering vectors of each of the one or more pairs of consecutivebeamforming steering matrices.
 19. The machine-readable storage media ofclaim 16, wherein the operations further comprise: generating theplurality of beamforming steering matrices associated with the pluralityof subcarriers of the RF signal received at the transceiver system;compressing the beamforming steering matrices; and storing thebeamforming steering matrices.
 20. The machine-readable storage media ofclaim 19, wherein the operations further comprise grouping thebeamforming steering matrices prior to storing the beamforming steeringmatrices.
 21. The machine-readable storage media of claim 19, whereinthe operations further comprise determining channel estimates for theplurality of subcarriers of the received RF signal.
 22. Themachine-readable storage media of claim 21, wherein the operationsfurther comprise performing singular value decomposition (SVD) on thechannel estimates associated with the subcarriers of the received RFsignal to generate the plurality of beamforming steering matrices.